If you've ever lived a life connected to the military, you know that service doesn't just belong to the person in uniform… It belongs to the family. The George Washington Bicentennial Commission : The first flag being made, [532944,NARA] That's why I created this timeline, "American Military Eras: A Timeline Through the Lens of Military Spouses."  I wanted to offer a fresh perspective on U.S. military history. Not through generals, battles, or politics (though those do matter), but through the daily lives of the people holding everything together behind the scenes: the spouses. The families in those in-between spaces that never make it into the textbooks. The ones who did not take an oath or undergo training—yet still serve. For generations, military spouses—primarily women, but not only—have done everything from sewing bandages beside Revolutionary War camps to organizing care package drives and testifying in Congress during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. They've managed budgets, births, funerals, holidays, and PCS moves with strength and grit...tears and fears. And they've been part of every shift the U.S. military has ever made—not as spectators, but as leaders, caregivers, community builders, and change-makers. More Than Clichés Too often, their role is summarized in clichés: "holding down the fort," "supporting from home," "the silent rank," and (my favorite—not) "invisible volunteers." But when you zoom in, it's anything but silent. The roles are resourceful, relentless, and often revolutionary. Spouses have formed their networks, challenged outdated policies, fought for healthcare, built schools, and created entire systems of support in the absence of official ones—and usually without the help or support of active-duty members or military leadership. Why This Timeline Exists I created this timeline NOT to offer a complete or perfect history (because no timeline can), but to shed light on the often-invisible labor and overlooked contributions of military spouses and families throughout American history. Yes, it's simplified. Yes, it leaves out complexities. But it's a start—a reframing... A way of saying 'look again.' After writing the timeline, I realized something else: context matters.  So I included a Chronological Overview of American Wars and Military Operations  at the end—not to overwhelm the reader, but to ground the broader narrative in the actual history of U.S. military engagements. Chronological Overview of Wars This list helps show just how relentless American military involvement has been—across centuries, continents, and types of conflict (the list does not cover all of them). But it also serves as a reminder: behind every single entry in that list, families were waiting, supporting, grieving, relocating, advocating, and rebuilding. Whether it was the Philippine–American War in 1899, the Somali drone campaigns of the 2000s, or Operation Inherent Resolve in the present day, spouses try to make sense of orders, raise children with a absent parent, or navigate systems that often overlooked their sacrifice—or their presence entirely. Spouses Are the Foundation Too I wanted my blog and this research to reflect not only the emotional arc of military life, but also the factual structure—the literal timeline of conflict and operations . Because without that foundation, the stories of spouses can feel like side notes instead of what they are: an essential part of American military history. Buildings of the Great Central Fair, in aid of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, Logan Square, Philadelphia, June 1864 / drawn from nature & on stone by James Queen ; printed in oil colors by P.S. Duval & Son, Philad.[LOC] Behind every era of American military power, spouses have been adjusting—pivoting to a new normal, raising kids alone, writing letters that never made it home, or rebuilding after another move. They've also been finding ways to create or hold onto a career,  despite endless transitions. Whether living in a canvas tent, a frontier fort, a Cold War barracks in Germany, or a 21st-century base house with spotty Wi-Fi— they've always been there. They weren't just along for the ride— they're part of the military machine. Who This Is For For a family member seeking information and has many questions about their family's military history. If you're a military spouse, veteran spouse, or someone who has loved someone in uniform—this is for you. And if you're someone who's never really thought about this part of the history before— I hope this timeline helps you see things a little differently. ~ Mel #MilitarySpouses #AmericanHistory #BehindTheUniform #MilitarySpouseHistory #HomefrontArchives #MilitaryHistory

by Jonathan Horn I cannot wait to read the upcoming release of " The Fate of the Generals: MacArthur, Wainwright, and the Epic Battle for the Philippines " (April 15, 2025)! It rekindles my interest in one of World War II’s most heroic and heartbreaking American military stories. As I refreshed my thoughts about General Jonathan M. Wainwright IV—his family’s military history, his valiant defense of the Philippines, his surrender at Corregidor, and the unimaginable three years he spent as Japan’s highest-ranking American POW—my focus began to drift…no surprise there. Not away from the battlefield, but toward a quieter figure. A name that is barely a footnote in the history books: Adele “Kitty” (Holley) Wainwright , his wife. Sadly, I never considered her role and experiences—my focus has been on the General’s role and experiences in WWII. The One We Forgot to Ask About General Wainwright’s courage is rightly honored with medals, monuments, and recognition pages. But what about Kitty? What did she endure during those silent years, not knowing whether her husband was alive or dead? She, too, came from a Military family. What kind of strength does it take to live through that kind of uncertainty, with the world watching—but never really seeing ? And that, perhaps, is the most telling part of her story: We don’t know. Not because she wasn’t doing anything. But because no one thought it was important enough to document? No interviews? No headlines? No journal of her part in this chapter of history? Did no one think to ask? Or did they ask, and she declined? So many questions. Before social media, podcasts, or oral history projects, military spouses like Kitty Wainwright bore the war’s psychological weight in silence. There were no medals for patience, no ceremonies for emotional endurance, and no headlines for quiet courage. Kitty’s absence from the historical record isn’t just a gap—it’s part of the pattern. Her silence symbolizes the strength of thousands of military spouses, which is expected yet often goes unrecognized. And yet, glimmers of recognition do exist. In 1944, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt called Kitty Wainwright “an inspiration to all women in this war.” It’s a rare quote— but a powerful one. Still Searching I’ll keep searching for more about Kitty—an article, a letter, maybe even a rare photo tucked away in some forgotten archive. Because in lifting her name into the light, we don’t just honor her —we reclaim the stories of countless others who carried the weight of war not with weapons, but with unwavering faith, grit, and unseen strength. Final Thought: Why Kitty? Read, Write, Edit, Write again, and Drink. Maybe that's why Kitty's story—or, more precisely, her quiet absence—hits me so deeply. No, my husband wasn't a POW. But after years as a military spouse, I've endured enough deployments, sleepless nights, and tearful goodbyes to know a thing or two about waiting, worrying, loneliness, and figuring out how to keep moving forward under uncertainty. From active duty myself, from the shock of 9/11 to the long, uncertain stretches in Iraq and Afghanistan—I've seen my share. And I know I'm not alone. Many spouses have walked this same path, carrying the same invisible weight. Navigating the tracks of war and military life isn't for the faint of heart. Over the years, people have asked me to share my story, speak on panels, and accept awards. More often than not, I smiled, said thank you, and politely escaped stage left like my life depended on it. It wasn't that I had nothing to say—maybe, just maybe, like Kitty, I didn't want to say it out loud. I didn't want to burden anyone. I know the military...I know what is being asked and expected. And frankly, I didn't want to stand in the spotlight, clutching a microphone, trying to convince people that I was "okay, " "everything's fine,"  or risk sticking my foot squarely in my mouth. (Which, let's be honest, was a near-daily hazard, especially in those early years when I was still figuring out deployments and becoming a "dependent.") If someone had asked, " How does it feel that your husband's in Iraq again? " or " How are you handling another deployment? "—I probably would've nodded, handed them a cookie or something, poured them some coffee (or wine, depending on the time of day), and changed the subject faster than you can say " Hurry up and wait. " Not out of pride. Not out of denial. Mostly because I was exhausted,–– and sometimes, I just want to talk about literally anything else. And honestly? Some days, the bravest thing you can do is just get up, pour the coffee, and keep going. Thank goodness for my besties, though—they received the full, unfiltered version: sarcasm, venting, turned up to eleven, and all. Let's be real, though—if someone had handed me an award, I wouldn't (and didn't) turn it down. I would have asked if it came with a spa day... or, at the very least, a decent foot massage. So yeah. Maybe... Kitty and I have a little something in common. Like so many military spouses, we're part of a long, tough, fiercely loyal tradition of holding the line at home. We don't always talk about it — but we live it. And it stays with us long after the deployments end and the uniforms are packed away. It becomes part of who we are. And sometimes, just living it is more than enough. Thank you for reading this. Whether you leave a comment that is good, bad, or ugly, I appreciate that as well. ~ Mel P.S.  I'm still digging into Kitty. Who knows? Maybe I've been looking in the wrong places. P.P.S.  You know, as soon as I hit "publish," I'm going to find a trove of Kitty info hiding in plain sight. Stay tuned. #MilitarySpouseHistory #HomefrontArchives #BehindTheUniforms #AdeleWainwright #GeneralWainwright

Or: Why “Camp Follower” or “Dependent” Isn’t a Job Title You’ll Find on LinkedIn Words matter When people think of military history, they often picture battles, uniforms, vehicles, ranks, technology, or strategy. But what if one of the most potent forces shaping military history isn't found on the battlefront? What if it's language ? Words — more than commands shouted at dawn or lines hidden in forgotten field manuals. They're sneaked in during kitchen chats, spilled over coffee breaks, hail and farewell events, off-the-record meetings, or tossed around at Bunko nights. You can even find them lurking in official policies or making an embarrassing appearance on social media—like that friend who can't help but share the most cringeworthy TMI or memes. Yet these words matter. They shape how war is understood, how service members see themselves, and how military life and duty are represented. They determine which voices are amplified and which are ignored. In both subtle cues and explicit statements, language builds the legacy of service—and influences how history is written, remembered, and passed on. What Is the “Linguistic Turn”? The linguistic turn  refers to a pivotal shift in historical and scholarly inquiry that emphasizes the centrality of language in shaping human experience. Rather than focusing solely on events, actions, or material conditions, this approach highlights how language—through speaking, writing, reading, and listening—actively constructs the social world. It challenges the notion that language simply reflects reality; instead, it argues that language plays a constitutive role in how people perceive, organize, and give meaning to their lives. Scholars influenced by the linguistic turn often ask: How do words shape our understanding of identity, power, and belonging? How do institutions use language to define roles, reinforce hierarchies, or draw boundaries? How do individuals use everyday language to make sense of their lived experiences? In historical research, particularly within military history, the linguistic turn invites scholars to examine how narratives, official rhetoric, informal discourse, and silences reveal cultural assumptions and systemic biases. By applying both the cultural turn  and the linguistic turn , we can uncover how dominant narratives in American military history have excluded certain voices and perspectives—and how reinterpreting language can offer a more inclusive and nuanced understanding of the past. The Language of War: More Than Orders and Commands Service members come from diverse backgrounds and have served in various branches and cultures throughout history. As militaries evolved over the centuries, the methods of communication among service members and with civilians have undergone significant changes. Military language is more than just a discipline or doctrine. Language reflects beliefs about rank, gender, ethnicity, social status, family, and who belongs to the military community. The military uses formal language, including acronyms, strategies, structures, and rules. However, informal language—such as slang, nicknames, jokes, and storytelling—often reveals the real, lived experience. Together, these forms of communication reflect and reinforce military culture, ultimately shaping how history is written and remembered. Behind the Front Lines: The Voices of Military Spouses Now imagine turning that same linguistic turn on the non-uniformed members of military life— Military Spouses . They've been an integral part of military culture and history for generations, even if their roles are hardly mentioned in base histories or local military histories. Military spouses brought their languages, cultures, traditions, and customs into military communities. Through constant relocations, ceremonies, wartime, separations, and everyday endurance, military spouses have created a subculture with its own vocabulary and unspoken rules that often go undocumented. If you have read or been "gifted" a military spouse handbook, you know what I mean. Terms like “camp follower,” “dependent,” “military wife,” or “home front” didn’t just fall from the sky — and they weren’t always part of the official military vocabulary. These words came into use over time, and they’ve done more than just describe people; they’ve defined expectations, shaped identities, and assigned roles — often quietly, often unfairly. They're gendered, usually overlooked, and almost never credited. But make no mistake: these labels evolved alongside changing ideas about marriage, mobility, and who gets counted as part of the military ‘ WE ’ . They draw the lines — between insiders and outsiders, supporters and bystanders, those woven into the institution and those stuck watching from the margins. Words That Include—and Exclude Studying how military spouses are discussed in policies, documents, books, personal communications, historical works, speeches, or social media reveals how language reflects and reinforces ideas about their importance, as well as how it can downplay their significance. Some questions Scholars and historians are asking more frequently include: How have military institutions described spouses in official language? How have service members spoken about (or for) their partners? What words have spouses chosen for themselves? When have their stories been told—and when have they been left out? You can see this in how spouse handbooks have evolved. Even social Media posts from deployment or PCS seasons, spanning from 2008 to the present day, have become a kind of historical archive depot, rich in meaning, emotion, and cultural context. What Language Reveals Applying the linguistic turn to military spouse history uncovers several important insights: Language is power : Terms like "camp follower," "dependent," "dependa," or even "Dependapotamus" influence how spouses are perceived—often viewed as secondary or a drain, passive, despite their active contributions. Identity is constructed : Labels such as "military wife" carry cultural scripts that may exclude professional spouses, men, and LGBTQ+ partners. Daily communications matter : From handwritten letters to group chats, casual language captures emotional truths and lived realities of military life. Changing words reflect changing values : Shifting from "camp follower" to "military community" signals broader changes in how gender and family are understood. I recall someone calling me a "camp follower" in 2002; I had no idea who they were talking to, because I was sure it wasn't me – and, " What was a Camp follower?" Voice can be resistance : Military spouses' books, humor, protests, and blogs are not just venting—they're rewriting and taking control of their narrative. Final thought: Why It Matters Words don't just document military life—they shape it. They influence who is seen, who is remembered, and how communities understand themselves. By studying language—formal and informal—we gain insight into the human dimensions of military experience. We begin to recover the voices long left out of official histories: not just generals and soldiers, but spouses, families, and civilians. And maybe—maybe—we start telling a fuller, funnier, and more authentic story about what it means to serve, lead, support, partner, and speak up— something we're increasingly witnessing in the 21st century. This is precisely what Homefront Archives: Behind the Uniform   aims to do. Every blog post, every story, and every challenged term becomes part of the evolving historical record the blog seeks to curate. My goal is to encompass more than just language; it serves as an act of historical documentation and advocacy in American military historiography. My writing and research employ the tools of cultural and linguistic history to reveal hidden dynamics, confer scholarly legitimacy to domestic and emotional labor, and reposition military spouses as significant figures worthy of inclusion in traditional military history. Through the lens of the Linguistic Turn, my blog and its content collectively construct a woven narrative of historical memory—one in which support roles are not secondary, but foundational to our understanding of military life and its history. ~Mel #MilitarySpouseHistory #HomefrontArchives #BehindTheUniforms

John Singleton Copley; public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. A Revolutionary Voice: The Woman Who Shaped the American Revolution If I could travel back in time, I would choose to visit the American Revolution, and one of the first people I would want to meet is the Historian and military wife, Mercy Otis Warren. I have many questions about her writing, her process, and why she omitted certain information from her history. I wouldn't label her as a feminist—though her work was undeniably revolutionary—but rather as an opportunist born into privilege that many military families and wives lacked during that time.  I am not trying to diminish her accomplishments, but to keep the conversation grounded. Despite her advantages, she had to fight for her voice to be heard, just as many other women in her time did. Her tenacity in the face of such challenges is truly inspiring. I'll delve deeper into her struggle later, but first, let's take a closer look at who Mercy Otis Warren was and her background. If you think military wives only served behind the scenes during the American Revolutionary War, think again. Mercy Otis Warren—intellectually sharp and fiercely driven—supported her family and her husband's military and political career. She was on the front line in igniting a revolution with her pen. As a leading female intellectual of the era, she didn't just witness history—she helped shape it. Born on September 25, 1728, in Barnstable, Massachusetts, Mercy was the third of thirteen children and the eldest daughter. Her father was a lawyer, a judge, and a colonel in the militia. She received her education from her father and her older brother, James Otis Jr., a Harvard-educated, committed advocate for colonial rights. They taught her a great deal about history and politics. Additionally, her Yale-educated uncle, Rev. Jonathan Russell, nurtured her love for classical literature and political philosophy. In 1754, she married James Warren, a leader in Massachusetts, and together they had five sons: James (1757), Winslow (1759), Charles (1762), Henry (1764), and George (1766). The Role of Military Wives in History: Mercy’s Revolutionary Contribution James Warren played a valuable role in the growing revolutionary movement, working closely with prominent figures such as James Otis Jr., Samuel Adams, and John Adams. He was instrumental in organizing the Committees of Correspondence in Plymouth, a vital network for colonial resistance. In 1775, James was appointed colonel of a Massachusetts militia regiment and later became Major General of the Massachusetts militia in 1776. Although his military leadership was brief, he continued to serve the revolutionary cause in key administrative roles. He was appointed Paymaster General of the Continental Army, where he managed military finances, but he resigned due to frustrations with Congress. From 1776 to 1781, he oversaw naval operations and supplies on the Eastern Navy Board. His military service is particularly significant, as it reflects the social and political circles in which he and Mercy interacted with members of influential and well-connected families in Massachusetts.  The combination of Mercy's background and marriage put her at the center of military and political life, so she was ideally situated to document and write about what she and others were experiencing. From the Homefront to the History Books: The Legacy of Mercy Otis Warren Mercy was anything but a passive or dutiful wife during the Revolutionary War; she was a fierce and active participant during a tumultuous era. Her home became a hub for revolutionaries, where debates about independence occurred. In her later writings, she reflected on how these gatherings contributed to the creation of the Committees of Correspondence—a network that fostered colonial unity and helped spark the Revolution. Although not an official member of the  Daughters of Liberty , Mercy's activism closely aligned with their cause and the individuals involved. I will discuss the Daughters  and Mercy's acquaintances in another post. The Pen as a Weapon: Mercy's Bold Writings and Revolutionary Impact She wielded her pen as a powerful tool for the Patriot cause, utilizing her literary talents to write satirical plays, political pamphlets, and essays that criticized British policies and Loyalist sympathizers. Her work, appearing in prominent local publications like the Massachusetts Spy and the Boston Gazette , was instrumental in shaping public opinion and fueling the push for independence. The impact of her words was profound, demonstrating the power of literature in influencing historical events. Her first play, The Adulateur,  was published in a Boston newspaper in 1772. Her political plays, including The Defeat (1773) and The Group (1775), were published in prominent newspapers such as the Massachusetts Spy and Boston Gazette, shaping public opinion. In 1788, Mercy wrote "Observations on the New Constitution," in which she articulated her reasons for opposing the ratification of the Constitution. In 1790, she published Poems, Dramatic and Miscellaneous – which contains two plays and several allegorical or satirical poems on the Revolution that were dedicated to George Washington and praised by Alexander Hamilton. Mercy Warren's most significant literary contribution was her three-volume work, History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution (1805), which she began writing in the late 1770s. Her work led to a public rift between her and John Adams, as Mercy accused him and several other leaders of neglecting the "fundamental principles of the American Revolution." After several years of heated correspondence, Mercy and Adams reconciled in 1812. I will explore the History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution (1805) in another post, as I have my views about it. More Than a Military Wife: How Mercy's Words Inspired a Nation Mercy was not just a writer; she was a revolutionary. Through her intellect and fearless advocacy, she demonstrated that words could be as powerful as weapons in the struggle for freedom. Her legacy, as one of the Revolution's earliest historians and most influential female voices, is of immense significance. Her history offers a unique female perspective on the events of the American Revolution, challenging the conventional narratives typically written by men. In a future post, I will discuss how her contributions have been overlooked in the traditional military. A Feminist Pioneer? Mercy and the Fight for Revolutionary Change Mercy's writings and publications have left a lasting legacy. They opened the door for female freethinkers and bold, unapologetic voices in the United States, establishing a powerful precedent for future generations of women to express themselves with courage and conviction. However, I wonder how many people truly know who she is and what she has accomplished. I want to believe she opened doors, but it seems more accurate to say she helped women reach the door. In upcoming posts, I will explore Mercy's works and letters, highlighting why her contributions deserve recognition in military history and why her legacy remains vital to military spouses and women today. As the first female historian of the American Revolution, her writings offered a unique and invaluable female perspective, challenging the male-dominated narratives of her time. Her work serves as a model for modern military spouses, reflecting the strength, intelligence, and activism many continue to embody while facing unique challenges. Final Thought: How a Footnote Figure Shaped History Mercy demonstrated that military spouses and family members are not just bystanders but essential contributors to history. Her legacy challenges us to think: Who are the hidden (or footnoted) figures shaping history, either from the shadows or right in the thick of it? How can we ensure their stories and voices are heard, celebrated, and remembered? "What is obvious is not always known, and what is known is not always present.~Edward Samuel Farrow. ~Mel  #HomefrontArchives #MilitarySpouseHistory #MilitaryWifeHistory  #MilitarySpouseAuthors #MercyOtisWarren #AmericanRevolution #MilitaryWives #RevolutionaryWomen #FemaleHistorians #WomensVoices Sources:   Martha J. King, “The ‘Pen of the Historian’: Mercy Otis Warren’s History of the American Revolution,” The Princeton University Library Chronicle 72, no. 2 (2011). Massachusetts Historical Society. “Mercy Otis Warren Papers, 1709-1841.” https://www.masshist.org/ .   Mercy Otis Warren, History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution: Interspersed with Biographical, Political and Moral Observations . Edited by Lester H.  Cohen. Vol. 1,2,3. Boston: Manning and Loring, 1805.   Patricia Mikell, “Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814),” George Washington’s Mount Vernon, https://www.mountvernon.org/   The American Revolution Institute. “Mercy Otis Warren’s Poems, Dramatic and Miscellaneous,” March 18, 2022. https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org To George Washington from James Warren and Joseph Hawley, 4 July 1775, “Founders Online,” The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, Vol. 1, 16 June 1775 – 15 September 1775, Ed. (National Archives).

What Started My Journey? And why?  Several events between 2020 and 2022 prompted me to research military spouse history. During this time, my family transitioned from an overseas assignment back to the U.S., my husband retired, and we relocated to a new state. We also dropped our daughter off at college, and I went through multiple job interviews—each one promising but ultimately canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. By the time we settled, I was exhausted, disheartened, and searching for a new direction.   I recently read Campfollowing , a book about the history of military wives. I found the topic intriguing as a historian, veteran, and military spouse. However, instead of feeling enlightened– I felt frustrated. It was surprising how little had changed for military spouses between the 18th and 21st centuries. This realization shifted my focus—if these struggles persist today, what lessons have we and the military failed to learn? How did spouses advocate for change, and what impact did their efforts have? Understanding these questions felt essential to me.   The Unseen Role of Military Spouses   Military spouses have long been dismissed as “camp followers” or “dependents”—passive figures in military life. Yet, history tells a different story. Military spouses have actively advocated policies that directly affect military readiness and retention.   Many of the systems the military relies on today—such as health reforms, policies, and educational initiatives for service members and their families—were not led by the military. Instead, they were hard-won victories driven by spouses who recognized gaps in support and took action. Their efforts have shaped policies that improve service members' quality of life, strengthen morale, and enhance operational effectiveness.   Why Military Spouse History Matters Despite their critical contributions, military spouses remain an underutilized and overlooked resource in both military culture and historical narratives. Recognition often goes to high-profile award winners, active-duty spouses, or public figures. In contrast, everyday non-uniform military spouses—especially POC spouses, Gold Star spouses, male spouses, and LGBTQ+ spouses—are frequently left out.   Military spouses have demonstrated the same leadership, strength, and adaptability that define the armed forces. Their efforts have helped the military remain a fighting force and a sustainable institution capable of retaining its best talent. Recognizing their history is not about sentimentality—it’s about understanding how they have strengthened the military’s foundation, working alongside them in front of and behind the uniform.   Motivations Behind This Project  Throughout my military journey, I have attended countless military and spouse-led workshops, events, and discussions, many of which address the same challenges year after year.   As a veteran, historian, and military spouse, my academic background has primarily focused on women in military history, Russian and Southeast Asian history, World War I, the interwar years, and leadership studies. Researching and writing about military spouses was not my original plan. However, after 26 years of military life, I recognize the urgent need to document their historical impact. Many of my friends, husband, and daughter finally convinced me.   This is not a memoir or a guidebook for military spouses. It is an academic exploration of their historical contributions, role in shaping military policy, and influence within the traditional military structure. I understand this work isn’t for everyone, but I believe others are just as interested as I am.   What My Project is Exploring:  What specific changes did military spouses advocate for throughout history? Who are some of the most influential but lesser-known military spouses? How has military spouse advocacy evolved from the 18th century to today? What gaps still exist in military spouse support systems? How can current military spouses learn from and build on past efforts? Are military records, documents, or archives dedicated to spouse contributions, and so much more! I have so many questions!! Final Thoughts My project is more than just research—it is a mission to reclaim historical recognition for military spouses. It is driven by my dedication, experience, and deep respect for the women and spouses who came before us. It is vital that their voices are heard, their contributions acknowledged, and their place in military history secured.   It’s time to share their stories and create a new chapter in traditional military history. ~Mel #MilitarySpouseHistory #HomefrontArchives #BehindTheUniforms  #MilSpouseHistory #HistoryMatters

(Not to sound like a broken record) My research Desk on a Good Day. My passion lies in uncovering the lesser-known stories within military history. My journey has been shaped by a lifetime of military experiences—from my service as a U.S. Air Force veteran and military spouse (26 years of military life) to my current role as Curator at a small non-profit military museum in Texas. These roles, combined with my academic pursuits, have fueled my deep exploration of history, particularly U.S., Russian, and Asian military history, as well as the often-overlooked contributions of women and minorities in the military sphere. But where did this research begin? A New Chapter After my husband retired from the Air Force after 26 years, we relocated to Texas during the COVID-19 pandemic. At this point, moving has become a ritual every few years- I've lost track of how many times I've moved. It would take me more time than I have to sit here and try to figure it out. After another relocation, I found myself reflecting on a lifetime shaped by military service—not just my own but also that of my friends, my family, and generations before me. This unusual period of introspection (and not finding a job– again) led me to pursue a master’s degree in military history and, eventually, a complete career shift. Isn't it weird how things work out? At the time, I had no idea where this path would take me— perhaps nowhere at all? But I had nothing to lose, and I am so used to starting over and having new adventures—this is the norm for me. (And, for so many of my friends) I returned to school with a deep curiosity: What was being taught about military history? What narratives were being explored—or ignored? My pursuit broadened my understanding and shaped my contributions to the field, culminating in my thesis on U.S. military wives of the American Revolutionary War. However, I will admit it also brought frustration and annoyance, but I will discuss that another day. Bringing Forgotten Voices to Light My master’s thesis, From Footnotes to Spotlight: The Agency and Influence of Revolutionary War Military Wives , is a tribute to the often-overlooked women who played critical roles in shaping the American military (Continental Army). I sought to uncover and address historical gaps in traditional scholarship, working toward a more inclusive portrayal of the American military’s foundation. Rather than writing a memoir, biography, spouse guidebook, or sentimentalized account of military life, I explored the tangible impact of military wives in the 18th century. My comprehensive approach drew insights from gender, race, and language studies to amplify these women's voices—along with a few male spouses I uncovered! My research represents more than just an academic endeavor; it reflects my commitment to bridging historical gaps and ensuring individuals receive the recognition they deserve. Diving Deeper into the Rabbit Hole As I dug further, I encountered broader issues within traditional military history scholarship, such as a lack of academic focus on women, minorities, and military wives/spouses, insufficient recognition of their agency and influence, and deeply ingrained gender biases in historical sources. I am preaching here, but you get what I mean. My 140-page paper aimed to fill these gaps by examining the experiences and contributions of military wives during a pivotal era in American military history. Unlike modern sociological studies on education, employment, childcare, morale, or relocation challenges faced by military spouses—both past and present—my research focused on the critical roles military wives played in operational, logistical, tactical, and strategic planning during the American Revolutionary War. It is a culmination of my academic journey and a testament to my dedication to preserving the legacies of those who shaped our military traditions and heritage. I carefully analyzed historical sources, defined key military terms, and studied influential figures of the era. I was (and still am) eager to unravel the complexities of 18th-century military history and shine a light on the enduring impact of military wives. Yet, once I jumped down that rabbit hole, I uncovered far more than I ever expected. I knew I would have to expand. Now, I am furthering my focus on the historical experiences, roles, and contributions of military wives throughout American military history. Redefining Military History The 18th century saw the emergence of key institutions and practices that laid the foundation for the American military. However, within the pages of military history, the voices and experiences of military wives have remained marginalized (or footnoted), and their contributions have largely gone unrecognized. My research highlighted individuals who demonstrated grit, leadership, strategic and operational warfare intelligence, and patriotism in shaping American military history.. .but that is not the story that was told. Navigating historical sources posed its own challenges, as women were often overshadowed by their husbands’ names and family names or left out entirely. To address this, I incorporated insights from gender studies, language analysis, and semiotics to deconstruct gendered narratives and reclaim the agency of these military wives. My approach enabled me to provide a more accurate interpretation of their experiences—one that acknowledges their genuine impact within the records of military history. Of course, this is a complex and evolving process, and I continue to refine my methodology. However, one thing is sure: my passion for military history is driven by a commitment to amplifying the voices of those often overlooked. This is why writing these blog posts takes so long to write – I have a job and a family, so I am constantly fighting the clock. Final thought Military spouse history deserves its chapter within traditional military history, not as a footnote but as a critical component of the historical narrative. I hope my blog reflects my academic journey, professional museum work, and serves as a foundation for my ongoing work in military history. I plan to build upon my research by refining military terminology, reexamining historical works, analyzing key leaders and historians across eras, and uncovering lesser-known figures who shaped military history. By peeling the intricate layers of warfare through the lens of those often overlooked, I hope to inspire others to dig deeper, ask new questions, and seek a more comprehensive understanding of the past. ~ Mel #MilitarySpouseHistory #HomefrontArchives #BehindTheUniforms   #MilitaryHistory#HiddenFigures #RevolutionaryWar #HistoryMatters #HistoricalResearch #USHistory

Just a handful of my books. My 22-year-old daughter of mine constantly rearranges. Historiography of Military Wives/ Spouse: A Story Long Ignored The study of military wives has often been overlooked, as traditional military history typically focuses on soldiers, battles, and strategies. As a military historian, I am invested in the stories of soldiers and the leaders who succeeded or faltered in battle. I am especially intrigued by warfare's operational, strategic, intelligence, and logistical aspects, which form the basis of my writing and research in my museum work.   However, for much of military history, military wives were either ignored or depicted in narrow, supportive roles, often tied solely to their husbands' experiences. Figures like Martha Washington, "Molly Pitcher," and Deborah Sampson are well-known and frequently written about. However, we can examine several other military wives and spouses through the lens of military history and warfare throughout American military history.   Military wives/spouses have long been excluded from traditional military narratives. Yet, they have played crucial roles in shaping military institutions, policies, and culture.  By reassessing their contributions through a military history and warfare lens — rather than solely as extensions of their active-duty spouses — we gain a more comprehensive and inclusive understanding of warfare, military strategy, and the broader social structures that sustain armed forces.   I am not claiming to break new ground or that this is revolutionary—I am simply approaching the subject from a different perspective (and perhaps from a soapbox). Many scholars have examined how military wives/ spouses have influenced policy, provided logistical support, and shaped military culture. Scholars such as Donna Alvah (2007) and Margaret Harrell (2000) have examined how military spouses have influenced military policies, particularly through their roles as unofficial ambassadors and logistical supporters of military communities. Mady Segal’s (1986) concept of 'greedy institutions' also highlights how military spouses must navigate competing demands from both the military and their families. There is a wealth of more recent information, which is fantastic – we need this! But it tends not to be as easy to find…or, in my experience, sometimes the things are out of print.   The growing focus aligns with broader trends in social and cultural military history, highlighting the various experiences of those connected to the armed forces and challenging the notion that military history belongs solely to those in uniform. By exploring these themes, we expand the scope of military history beyond combatants, recognizing that military families are integral to the broader military system, which extends far beyond the battlefield. Tracking Down the Narratives. Research Challenges: Representing Military Wives/ Spouses Accurately I aim to portray military wives and spouses accurately, avoiding narratives that depict them solely as victims, romanticized figures, or martyrs. Rather than focusing on modern sociological concerns such as employment, childcare, or relocation challenges—whether past or present—my research highlights the historical roles and contributions of military wives and spouses in American military history.   Military Wives/ Spouses' histories are significant in their own right. However, capturing their stories in a balanced and objective poses several challenges. There are many stories out there; choosing which military wives/spouses to highlight is a meticulous process.   Their experiences vary widely depending on the period, conflict, and military structure in which they lived– this is all important. Likewise, examining traditional military sources is time-consuming and vital. Military wives/spouses were often absent from official records or only mentioned by their active-duty spouses' last name, requiring a careful reading of personal letters, oral histories, journals, and diaries, as well as other unconventional sources. Everything, from books to letters to Darth Vader—our cat. Challenging Perspectives: Debating the Place of Military Wives/ Spouses in History The inclusion of military wives/spouses in military history is not without controversy. Some scholars, military historians, and history enthusiasts may argue that emphasizing the roles of military wives and spouses could detract from the broader military narrative, diverting attention away from military strategy, leadership, combat, and related topics. Others raise concerns about the reliability and completeness of available sources, questioning whether historians today impose modern perspectives on past events.   These criticisms raise important questions: To what extent should modern frameworks—such as gender studies—be applied to historical analysis? Does examining the experiences of military wives/spouses provide a more inclusive history, or does it dilute the core focus of military history? Rather than viewing these counterarguments as limitations, I see them as opportunities for deeper engagement. Addressing differing perspectives requires an approach supported by evidence-based analysis and a willingness to challenge assumptions.   By incorporating diverse viewpoints and critically assessing historical debates, I aim to strengthen and enrich my research and ensure that military wives and spouses are recognized as integral figures in military history. I also hope this research benefits others.   Why This Matters: The Broader Impact on Military History Studying military wives and spouses does not diminish the significance of soldiers, generals, technology, and battles. Instead, it enhances our understanding of military missions, leadership, partnership, life, and community. Military institutions have always relied upon families' labor, volunteerism, sacrifices, and fortitude, yet their roles have often been dismissed as secondary. Recognizing military wives/spouses in military history allows us to see the military not just as a fighting force but as a social and cultural system that has shaped—and been shaped by—those who support it.   Beyond academic discourse, this American military historiography also connects to contemporary issues. Military spouses face today's challenges—such as employment struggles, frequent relocations, and advocating for military family policies—are deeply rooted in historical experiences and roles. Understanding the history of military spouses enables us to address these challenges more effectively in the present.   Final thought. Final Thoughts: The Past, Present, and Future of Military Wives and Spouses in History The historiography of military wives continues to evolve, shedding light on a frequently overlooked aspect of military history. Their experiences—whether as caregivers, organizers, or advocates—deserve to be recognized. Acknowledging their roles does not weaken traditional military narratives but strengthens them by providing a fuller, more complete picture of the military sphere. By broadening the scope of military history, we gain a deeper appreciation of the complex and interconnected lives that have shaped it. Recognizing the experiences of military wives/spouses is not just about studying the past—it informs how we understand the military today. Issues such as spousal employment, mental health, and advocacy efforts for military families are deeply connected to the historical challenges that the military and military spouses have faced over the decades. Understanding this history can help shape more effective policies and support systems for the military and their families in the present and the future.   ~Mel #MilitarySpouseHistory #HomefrontArchives #BehindTheUniforms  #UnseenContributions #Campfollowing #MilitaryWifeHistory #MilitarySpouseBooks #MilitarySpouseAuthors Sources Donna Alvah – Unofficial Ambassadors: American Military Families Overseas and the Cold War,  (April 2007) Margaret C Harrell –  Invisible Women: Junior Enlisted Army Wives , (2000). Mady Wechsler Segal – The Military and the Family as Greedy Institutions, (Armed Forces & Society, 1986)

You probably haven't heard of Anna Maria Lane — and honestly, you're not alone. Tucked away in the dusty corners of Revolutionary War history, Anna's story reads like something from a historical novel: a devoted enlisted military wife who swapped skirts for breeches, disguised herself as a man, enlisted in her husband's unit, and fought alongside her husband in battle. Think Deborah Sampson , but with even less publicity. In certain academic circles and Revolutionary War trivia nights (which, yes, do exist), Anna Maria Lane is known and celebrated—especially because she was one of the very few women in U.S. history to receive a military pension for actual combat service—not for tending wounds or washing and mending uniforms, but for fighting . Wielding a musket—getting injured in battle—the real deal. Yet, her name barely makes a cameo in broader popular culture and school history books. You won't find her starring in documentaries or trending on history groups. So, calling her the " Forgotten Female Soldier " isn't wrong — It's just a reflection of how history sometimes favors its heroines by confining them to roles like nursing or domesticity. Anna, however, wasn't one for any of those. Her story survives thanks to government records, a few persistent historians and transcribers, and some well-earned government paperwork noting that she fought " in the garb and with the courage of a soldier. " In other words, she showed up, suited up, and didn't wait for permission. Combatant: Anna's Not-So-Typical Military Wife Story Anna Maria Lane did what many soldiers' wives did at the time — she followed her husband, John Lane, into the chaos of the Continental Army in 1776– serving in a company commanded by Captain Lucas 4th Regiment, commanded by Colonel Willis in the brigade under General Israel Putnam assigned to the Connecticut line.  As a " camp follower " (yes, that was a fundamental role, not as shady as it sounds), she would've been expected to handle the behind-the-scenes work: cooking, nursing, cleaning, maybe patching up uniforms and egos. But Anna had other plans. Somewhere along the line, she decided being supportive  also meant being active and armed . She ditched the apron, disguised herself as an enlisted man, picked up a musket, and joined John on the battlefield. Power couple energy? Absolutely. Was that risky? YES! In August 1777, General George Washington complained bitterly that the camp followers (women and children) hindered troop movement and instructed his officers to prohibit all but essential women from staying with the troops.( General Orders, 27 August 1777)   Anna and John fought in several campaigns: the battles of White Plains, Trenton, Princeton), and Germantown. During the Battle of Germantown in 1777, under General Washington's command, she was shot in the leg. The injury left her with lasting damage, but she didn't seek medical help, likely because it's hard to stay undercover when your doctor realizes you've been faking being a guy. Still, she kept going. When John re-enlisted with the Virginia Light Dragoons — an elite cavalry unit — Anna didn't let her injury stop her. She stuck with him, even when he was wounded at the Siege of Savannah in 1779 and taken prisoner, according to his pension affidavit. Still, she kept going. When John re-enlisted with the Virginia Light Dragoons — an elite cavalry unit — Anna didn't let her injury stop her. She stuck with him, even when he was wounded at the Siege of Savannah in 1779.  Years later, Anna and John — like many aging enlisted veterans — found themselves broken and in dire circumstances. That's when a man named William H. Cabell petitioned, made a heartfelt plea to the Virginia House of Delegates, and advocated for assistance on behalf of several aging veterans and their families. He also made a special note in his letter about Anna's extraordinary bravery during her service as a common soldier and the severe wound she suffered while fighting. Cabell's letter reads as follows: "They have been worn out in public service; now without property or money and their age and infirmities rendering them unable to procure, either they must be sent forth to beg or starve, unless the humanity of this Legislature shall interfere — Their names are John Hays, William Hopkins, & John Lane—The wife of the last Anna Maria Lane is also very infirm having been disabled by a severe wound which she received while fighting, as a common soldier, in one of our Revolutionary battles, from which she has never recovered, and perhaps never will recover." William H. Cabell Letter to Speaker of the House of Delegates. January 28, 1808.   Manuscript. RG 3, Governor’s Office, Executive Letter Books, William H. Cabell, July 8, 1807–March 9, 1808. Library of Virginia . Spoiler: the government listened! Receipt for John Lane and Ann Maria Lane pensions. 6 February 1809. Manuscript.Auditor of Public Accounts (Entry 230), RG 48. State Pension Records. Library of Virginia. The Virginia legislature granted John a $40 annual pension, which was barely enough even in colonial times. But Anna? She received a whopping $100 a year for life (2 ½ times the amount of her male counterparts) and was praised for her "extraordinary military services performed in the garb, and with the courage of a soldier."  Unfortunately, we don't know and may never know what "extraordinary services" she provided, as this was never detailed in the Virginia General Assembly petition for pension in 1808. However, the government's acknowledgment validated Anna's personal sacrifice and highlighted the seldom recorded contributions of military enlisted wives, who defied gender norms to participate in combat actively. Translation: "You dressed like a man, fought like a warrior– We see and reward you." Receipt for pension for Ann Maria Lane. 20 May 1808. Manuscript. Auditor of Public Accounts(Entry 230), RG 48. State Pension Records. Library of Virginia. Anna Maria Lane's story isn't just one of bravery—it's one of breaking molds. She didn't just support her husband from the sidelines; she marched into history with him, rifle in hand. Her legacy reminds us that women have always been in the fight—sometimes, in disguise, and often staying under the radar due to fear and reprisal, but they were always there. Final Thought: A Comeback 250 Years in the Making Do I think Anna Maria Lane was out there trying to be a rebel, smash gender norms, and make a grand feminist statement? Honestly — no. I think she was trying to survive a brutal war, stay near her husband, and do whatever it took to make it through one more battle. Ultimately, that might be what makes her story so powerful. An ordinary person is just trying to figure out how to live under unknown circumstances. You do what you have to do. She was obviously not fighting for headlines or a spot in history books… I do wonder what she would think of her story being told today.  Maybe she was fighting because that's what she felt she needed to do for the love of ideals and family, and refused to be left behind… Perhaps she felt that being a soldier was not an option for her.  Perhaps, just perhaps, that quiet form of courage holds even greater value. Now, 250 years later, as America gears up to celebrate its semi-quincentennial ( fancy word) , Anna's name is starting to surface again. It's a comeback two and a half centuries in the making — and about time, too. Call it cliché, but heroes aren't always in capes or wear shining medals — sometimes, they're in borrowed boots and a worn coat. ~Mel #MilitarySpouseHistory #HomefrontArchives #BehindTheUniforms #AnnaMariaLane #Army250 #AnnaMariaLane Sources:   Anna Maria Lane Chapter, NSDAR Swea City, Iowa. “Anna Maria Lane Biography.” Daughters of the American Revolution, https://isdar.org/chapters/annamarialane/Anna_Maria_Lane_biography.html .   “Anna Maria Lane, Commendation and Pension Award from William H. Cabell, 1808,”  Document Bank of Virginia , accessed March 10, 2024,  https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/dbva/items/show/255 .   “General Orders, 27 August 1777,”  Founders Online,  National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-11-02-0067 . [Original source:  The Papers of George Washington , Revolutionary War Series, vol. 11,  19 August 1777 – 25 October 1777 , ed. Philander D. Chase and Edward G. Lengel. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001, pp. 73–74.] Library of Virginia. “Anna Maria Lane, Commendation and Pension Award from William H. Cabell, 1808.” Document Bank of Virginia. Accessed March 10, 2024.   Where are the Women: Examples from the LVA Collections. “Working Out Her Destiny.” Accessed March 10, 2024. https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/destiny/where_women/tales.htm .   Photo Citation:   William H. Cabell Letter to Speaker of the House of Delegates. January 28, 1808.   Manuscript. RG 3, Governor’s Office, Executive Letter Books, William H. Cabell, July 8, 1807–March 9, 1808. Library of Virginia . Accessed March 10, 2024   Receipt for pensions for John Lane and Ann Maria Lane. 6 February 1809. Manuscript.Auditor of Public Accounts (Entry 230), RG 48. State Pension Records. Library of Virginia.   Receipt for pension for Ann Maria Lane. 20 May 1808. Manuscript. Auditor of Public Accounts (Entry 230), RG 48. State Pension Records. Library of Virginia.

Quiet Ranks: The Legacy of Military Spouses in American History – Part 1 A Legacy That Began Before the Nation Martha Washington (Martha Dandridge Custis), 1796, Gilbert Stuart (American, 1755–1828) When we discuss military spouses in American history, we often focus on World War II, Vietnam, or the current all-volunteer force. But the story begins much earlier— with Martha Dandridge Curtis Washington . Martha Washington: The “First” Military Wife Yes, she was the wife of George Washington and the first First Lady. But before there was a presidency or a nation, she was a woman whose life changed dramatically when her husband was called to lead a revolution, not just a war, but a country. The General and Martha Washington at Valley Forge. Harry T. Peters, "America on Stone" Lithography Collection, National Museum of American History.[ Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association] We often remember Martha at Valley Forge—a resilient figure braving the cold beside her husband. But her journey into military life began much earlier. She had already endured personal losses, managed a vast estate, and navigated political change. By the time George was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in 1775... Martha had long been carrying weight that history rarely records. (The loss of her first husband, managing an estate, and losing children.) A Moment of Decision When General Washington was named Commander-in-Chief, it gives me pause. I often find myself wondering how Mrs. Washington received such news. Was it conveyed by formal letter, hastily dispatched by courier? Or did they sit together days before in the quiet of their home, sharing tea and speaking of what might come? Had they contemplated the “what ifs”? Should war come, would he accept the burden of command? What words were spoken aloud—and what was unspoken between them? Stepping Into the Unknown: At War and at Home Letter, George Washington to Martha Washington, June 18, 1775. Discovered tucked away in a desk drawer by one of Martha Washington’s granddaughters, this letter is one of two surviving letters written by George Washington to his wife just after he had accepted the Generalship of the Continental Army in June of 1775. [Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media and Mount Vernon.] Click on the photo for the full transcript. with consequences. Her husband had become the Commander-in-Chief of a fragile army. She did not know yet (or did she) that she had stepped into a role military history hadn’t yet named. She received such a letter, not filled with battle plans, but heavy with consequences. Her husband had become the Commander-in-Chief of a fragile army. She did not know yet (or did she) that she had stepped into a role that military history hadn’t yet named. During the Revolutionary War, Martha assumed responsibilities that went far beyond the typical duties of a wife. She traveled to military encampments during the winter, organized fundraising and supply efforts, and assisted in gathering clothing and provisions for the troops. By doing so, she not only managed her family life but also supported and funded George Washington, significantly contributing to the survival of the Continental Army. A Legacy Entwined with Contradiction Mount Vernon 2024 [ H.A.B .U.,Mel ] And yet, she carried all of this while still managing the demands of her personal world: grief over the loss of her children, financial pressures, and the day-to-day Martha lost legal rights when she married Washington but continued to be a partner with great influence over decisions about land, money, and enslaved people. "Washington and His Family," engraved by William Sartain, after Christian Schussele, 1864. (MVLA) operations of Mount Vernon. Crucially, this included the brutal reality of overseeing enslaved people whose forced labor sustained the household and plantation. These individuals—so often written out of the narrative—were essential to Martha’s ability to carry out any of her public or private duties. Her legacy is complex– situated at the intersection of sacrifice, privilege, and historical contradiction.    It also raises curious questions: Who advised her? What community or counsel did she seek or rely on? What did she talk about with other military wives, such as Catherine “Kitty” Greene, Mercy Otis Warren, Catharine Van Rensselaer Schuyler, Esther deBerdt Reed, and several others? There were no spouse Facebook groups, no online forums, no military family handbooks—yet she had to build a network, formal and informal, that helped her and other wives to navigate it all. Can you Image?   The Humanity Behind the History And how did she feel? Was it pride or dread? Confidence or hesitation? That moment—reading a letter, hearing a knock at the door, saying goodbye—is deeply human. And in that humanity, Martha becomes not just a figure in portraits or textbooks, but a mirror to the millions who have since stood in similar shoes. Spouses who waited for letters (phone calls), watched news broadcasts, opened emails, and read DMs that changed everything.   "Mrs. Washington," engraved by John Norman after Benjamin Blythe, 1782. Gift of Mrs. Augustine Jaquelin Todd, Vice Regent for West Virginia, 1968. (MVLA) There are endless biographies and archives about the Washingtons (OMG, I haven’t read them all), but I find myself drawn not to the grand narratives but the quieter, shared threads. Those that connect generations of military wives and spouses across centuries through shared feelings of uncertainty, loyalty, fear, absurdity, and unspoken strength.   More Than a Title: A Lasting Blueprint Martha Washington may not have known she was starting a tradition or creating a role, but in many ways, she did. She was the first First Lady, yes. But more than that, she was recognized as the "First" military wife to the Continental Army and to carry the invisible burden of being married to the mission… the war and the men come first, the country comes first. One of the first to embody the emotional labor, adaptability, and steady presence required of military spouses, then and now.   Her legacy reminds us that the roles, responsibilities, and grit of military spouses are not a new phenomenon– they’re hereditary. Her quiet strength, lived in private, but still echoes through the stories of those who stand by today’s service members, the mission and the wars.   Final Thought: It was produced around 1777 and is believed to be based on portraits of George and Martha by Charles Willson Peale that were painted in 1776 for John Hancock. Peale’s original portrait of Martha has been lost, but this engraving from it might provide an idea of what Martha looked like during the Revolution (image courtesy of the New York Public Library, C.W. McAlpin Collection) . [Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media and Mount Vernon] In Martha Washington’s steps, we hear them in today’s military spouses—those who serve without rank, wait without recognition, and hold families together through uncertainty. Martha may never have worn a uniform, but she helped shape a role and the fabric of military life, culture, and tradition and history long before it had a name. I seriously doubt, Martha set out to define a role,(maybe an example) but her life became the blueprint. She is remembered as the first—and in choosing to stay, to serve, and to support, she became something more: the first to carry the quiet weight of war. If we’re to truly understand the cost of conflict and the strength of a nation, we must look not only to those who lead armies but to those who stand beside the armies and the leaders. For American military spouses, that story began with 44-year-old, 5-foot Martha—when her husband, George Washington, became Commander-in-Chief of a fragile, first-ever Continental Army. ~Mel #MilitarySpouseHistory #MarthaWashington #QuietRanksSeries #HomefrontArchives #BehindTheUniforms Sources: Carol Sue Humphrey, The Revolutionary Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1776 to 1800  (Greenwood, 2003).   Cokie Roberts, Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation , 1st ed. (2005; repr., ProQuest Ebook Central: Harper Collins, 2005).   Dorothy Auchter Mays, Women in Early America: Struggle, Survival, and Freedom in a New World  (Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2004).   “George Washington to Martha Washington, 18 June 1775,”  Founders Online,  National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-01-02-0003 . [Original source:  The Papers of George Washington , Revolutionary War Series, vol. 1,  16 June 1775 – 15 September 1775 , ed. Philander D. Chase. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1985, pp. 3–6.]   Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America  (Omohundro Institute and University of North Carolina Press, 1997).   Mary Beth Norton, Liberty’s Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800: With a New Preface  (Cornell University Press, 1996).   Nancy K. Loane, Following the Drum: Women at the Valley Forge Encampment (2009; repr., Potomac books: U of Nebraska Press, 2009).   Sarah Josepha Buell Hale, Woman’s Record: Or, Sketches of All Distinguished Women, from the Creation to A. D. 1868. Arranged in Four Eras. With Selections from Authoresses of Each Era , 2nd ed. (1860; repr., New York, NY: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1860).   Susan Casey, Women Heroes of the American Revolution: 20 Stories of Espionage, Sabotage, Defiance, and Rescue  (Chicago Review Press, 2015).    Center for History and New Media. “About.” Martha Washington, https://marthawashington.us/     The Center for History, New Media at George Mason University. “At the Front.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon, 2024. https://www.mountvernon.org   Images:   American Battlefield Trust. “‘First In Peace’ George Washington During 1783-1789.” https://www.battlefields.org .   George Washington’s Mount Vernon. “At the Front.” https://www.mountvernon.org   George Washington’s Mount Vernon. “A Woman in Charge.” https://www.mountvernon.org   Hiller, Joseph, Sr., after Charles Willson Peale. Mezzotint, c. 1777. New York Public Library, C.W. McAlpin Collection.  https://marthawashington.us   Joseph Hiller, Sr., after Charles Willson Peale, "Mezzotint, Martha Washington and George Washington," in Martha Washington, Item #226, https://marthawashington.us/items/show/226 (accessed April 6, 2021).   Letter, George Washington to Martha Washington, June 18, 1775. “Martha Washington.” https://marthawashington.us   William Francis Warden Fund, John H. and Ernestine A. Payne Fund, Commonwealth Cultural Preservation Trust. Jointly owned by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the National Portrait Gallery, Washington D.C.  https://collections.mfa.org

Welcome to Homefront Archives: Behind the Uniform! Military Spouse History is often overlooked, undervalued, or even left out of traditional military narratives. In this space, I’m on a mission to showcase military spouses' resilience, strength, and significant contributions throughout American military history. This journey won’t be a quick one, so I ask for your patience as I dig deep into the archives, research, and craft each post that honors military spouses' roles in shaping our military. Get ready for a deep dive into untold stories, the rest of the story, myths needing debunking, and challenging historical norms. I’ll explore everything from the triumphs to the struggles—from the 18th century to the present. Whether you’re a military spouse, a history buff, or simply curious about these vital unsung figures, this blog is for you. It’s a space where we can all learn and get inspired by the journeys of those who stand beside our service members– women and men! My blog is still under construction, and I’m working hard to bring you the best research and content. While I’m curating thoughtful posts and building an engaging platform, feel free to enjoy some adorable cat photos I’ll share as I continue my research (trust me, they’re worth it!). I truly appreciate your patience during this process, and I can’t wait to share these incredible stories with you soon. Stay tuned for my upcoming posts, and until then, take a look around, though there’s not much to explore just yet! Thanks for being here. I’m excited to embark on this journey with you! #MilitarySpouseHistory #WelcomeToHomefrontArchives

In the world of military history, much is written about the soldiers who serve— their courage, battles, and lessons learned. But what about those who stand beside them, shaping military life in ways often unseen? Campfollowing: A History of the Military Wife , by Betty Alt and Bonnie Stone, is the first book of its kind to comprehensively explore the evolution of the military wife (spouse) from the Revolutionary War to the post-Vietnam era. Despite its limitations, it remains a cornerstone for scholars seeking to understand the untold stories of military wives. Who Were the Authors Behind  Campfollowing ? Betty Alt and Bonnie Stone were more than just writers; they were military wives with firsthand experience navigating the unique and often challenging role of being married to service members. Betty Alt (Betty Sowers)—A sociologist and historian, Alt spent years researching and writing about women's roles in military life. Married to a retired Air Force colonel, her personal experience shaped much of her work. Bonnie Stone (Bonnie Domrose Stone)—A journalist and former Deputy Public Affairs Officer for Tripler Army Medical Center, Stone was also deeply embedded in military life as the wife of a retired Navy Senior Chief. Together, they combined personal experience and academic research to paint a vivid picture of the military wives’ role throughout military history. Why Campfollowing  Still Matters Written in the early 1990s, Campfollowing   was groundbreaking in its attempt to chronicle the history of military wives across all branches of service. The book had three key objectives: Tracing the evolution of military spouses —From silent supporters in the shadows to active participants in the military sphere. Highlighting their contributions —Military wives played a significant role in their spouses’ careers, often without official recognition or compensation. Shedding light on their struggles —Loneliness, financial instability, and lack of agency were common challenges military wives faced throughout history. Alt and Stone argued that military wives, while not in uniform, were integral to the success of military missions, community, and service members' well-being. However, the book faces criticism for its lack of focus on enlisted wives, male spouses, racial diversity, and inconsistencies in scholarly rigor. The Unfair Comparison of Military Wives and Servicewomen Some critics compared Campfollowing   to Judith Hicks Stiehm’s Arms and Enlisted Women  (1989), which analyzed the experiences of female service members from 1972 to 1982. Arlene Kaplan Daniels' review of Campfollowing emphasized Stiehm’s book as a superior analysis of gender bias in the military. However, comparing military wives who are not active duty members to active-duty women is like comparing apples to oranges. While servicewomen hold defined roles, earn salaries, attend regular military training, and advance through military ranks, military spouses remain unpaid, untrained, and largely unrecognized– yet, they are often expected to support the military system in unofficial but essential ways. These are two fundamentally different experiences, and evaluating them by the same standard is neither fair nor accurate. Judith Hicks Stiehm’s Arms and Enlisted Women  is an insightful and valuable book, but it is not an appropriate comparison to Campfollowing . Both works offer distinct perspectives on women's experiences in the military system—one from the viewpoint of those in uniform and the other from those who serve behind the scenes. After reading multiple reviews of Campfollowing , I found that this tendency to compare military wives to active-duty women is a recurring issue. But, once again, it is an unfair and misleading comparison—like apples and oranges.   The Legacy of Campfollowing Despite its flaws, Campfollowing  remains a vital resource in women's and military history studies. It provides a starting point for scholars investigating the intersection of gender, military policy, and social class. Without Alt and Stone’s groundwork, many historians today would have to start from scratch to understand the role of military spouses. While modern historians now have access to more diverse perspectives and a broader range of research tools (thanks to the internet and digital archives), Campfollowing   paved the way for discussions on the agency of military wives (spouses). It raised essential questions about their contributions, sacrifices, and the military’s reliance on unpaid labor. Final Thoughts Military spouses have long been the silent backbone of the military sphere, yet their contributions remain largely overlooked in traditional military history.  While Campfollowing   carries personal sentiment, bias, and sometimes a lack of objectivity, it remains a valuable resource for historians. Many still reference it as a navigational compass for studying women's history, particularly the role of military wives. The book highlights a significant gap in military history and underscores the need for a deeper exploration of military spouses' agency and contributions. Perhaps it's time we give spouses the recognition they deserve—not just as passive supporters but as integral figures in military history. ~Mel #MilitarySpouseHistory #HomefrontArchives #BehindTheUniforms  #UnseenContributions  #SilentStrength  #Campfollowing #MilitaryWifeHistory #MilitarySpouseBooks #MilitarySpouseAuthors Sources: "Arlene Kaplan Daniels." In Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors . Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2001. Arlene Kaplan Daniels, "Campfollowing: A History of the Military Wife" by Betty Sowers Alt and Bonnie Domrose Stone (Book Review)."  Signs  19 (1) (Fall): 285. Betty Alt and Bonnie Stone.  Campfollowing: A History of the Military Wife. New York: Praeger, 1991.xi + 163 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. Betty L. Alt." In Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors . Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2008. "Bonnie M. Domrose Stone." In Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors . Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2009. Joan Biddle, "Campfollowing: A History of the Military Wife." Minerva  ( 1992) Judith Stiehm.  Arms And The Enlisted Woman.  Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2010. “William E. ‘Bill’ Alt,” Montgomery & Steward, February 13, 2017.